Albania, with its rich and complex history, traces its origins back to the ancient Illyrians, a people who inhabited the western Balkans long before the rise of Rome. After the Romans conquered Illyria in 167 BC, this region became an integral part of the Roman Empire. The Illyrians contributed significantly to Rome’s military elite, including providing soldiers for the famed Praetorian Guard and even influencing the selection of several emperors. Despite these contributions, the history of Albania is marked by a relentless struggle for independence and survival against numerous conquerors.

A pivotal figure in Albanian history is Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg, whose leadership and military prowess stand as a testament to Albania’s enduring spirit. Skanderbeg’s heroic resistance against the Ottoman Empire, which sought to dominate Albania and its people, was nothing short of remarkable. For years, he managed to thwart the large Turkish armies sent by the Sultans from Istanbul, achieving notable victories that became legendary in Albanian folklore. However, the death of Skanderbeg in 1468 led to a dark period of almost 500 years under Ottoman rule, a time characterized by suffering and loss of autonomy for the Albanian people.

It wasn’t until the early 20th century that Albania would experience a brief moment of independence. On November 28, 1912, Albania declared its independence, marking the beginning of a new chapter in its tumultuous history. Yet, this newfound independence was short-lived and fraught with challenges as the region continued to grapple with political and territorial disputes.

During the Ottoman administration, Albania was divided into four provinces, or “vilayets,” namely Shkodra, Kosova, Manastir, and Janina. This administrative division was a strategic measure by the Ottomans to manage their vast empire more effectively. However, when the Ottoman Empire began to unravel in the late 19th century, following Russia’s victory over Turkey and the signing of the 1878 San Stefano Treaty, the situation for Albania became increasingly precarious. The European powers involved in the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire took advantage of the turmoil and made significant territorial changes that affected Albania.

The Treaty of San Stefano and subsequent agreements led to the redistribution of Albanian territories. Large portions of the Vilayet of Shkodra were ceded to Montenegro, the Vilayet of Kosova to Serbia, the Vilayet of Manastir to Macedonia, and the Vilayet of Janina to Greece. This fragmentation of Albanian lands significantly altered the demographic and political landscape of the region, leaving a lasting impact on Albania’s national identity and territorial integrity.

Albania’s history is a powerful narrative of resistance, resilience, and the enduring quest for sovereignty. From its ancient Illyrian roots to its struggle against Ottoman domination and its eventual declaration of independence, the story of Albania and its people is a testament to their unwavering determination to preserve their heritage and secure their place in the world.